Hydrogenating and cracking organization



Aug. 20, 1929. Y TRUMBLE 5,3

HYDROGENATING AND CRACKING ORGANIZATION Original Filed Dec. 24, 1924' 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 I hiss/57745; I

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HYDROGENATING AND CRACKING ORGANIZATION Original Filed Dec. 24, 1924 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 M27022 J Farm/e Patented Aug. 20, 1929.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFlCE.

MILON J. TRUMBLE, or ALHAMBRA, cALIronNIA; I

HYDROGENATING AND CRACKING ORGANIZATIONKI Application file'd December 24, 1924, Serial No. 757,809.. Renewed November 12, I928.

Although my present invention is referred zation, this invention includes not onlya cracking apparatus comprising a hydro genator or hydrogenators and an equilibrium chamber, but also a method or methods in which said apparatus may be employed; and it is a primary object of this metho'd to provide light hydrocarbon oil mixtures com- 1 paratively free from unsaturated compounds. 3

It is afurther object of this invention. to provide economical and efficient means for producing relatively large quantities ofcomfrom heavier hydrocarbon oils; and a preferred embodiment of my invention may comprise a substantially horizontal twocompartment-equilibrium chamber functionally interposedlbetween a plurality. of hy-I It is a further object of this invention to provide an oil treating system comprising a primary hydrogenator and a secondary or finishing hydrogenator so related that what I term my finishing hydrogenator, which may serve also for the separation of heavy vapors, shall contribute incidentally to the preheating of new oil on its way to my primary hydrogenator, and, in a preferred embodiment of my invention, this primary. hydrogenator may comprise or be associated with the mentioned dome'or part provided with, for example, an electrical resistance heater, or the like, adapted to elevate steam or any preferred hydrogenating mixture to a temperature favorable to the desired cracking and hydrogenating effects, and exempt, by reason of its position, from damage due to heat and pressure.

' It is afurther'object of my invention to provide a cracking and hydrogenating or ganization comprising a high temperature primary hydrogenator to which oils are returned duringthe continuous delivery of a paratively light hydrocarbons, such as hy-. drocarbon mlxtures marketable as QLSOllIlG,.

cracking and hydrogenating agent thereto; to as a hydrogenatmgand eraekmg-organ1-- and, in thispreferred embodiment, this hydrogenator, whether or not the same provided with a dome in which steam'or the like is electrically preheated, may comprise a substantially horizontal plate provlded with perforations through which. oil to be cracked or hydrogenatedris blown or forced as a rain or mist; and into this rain or mist, which may contain a carbonaceous proportion of new oil preheated in the manner referred to or in any preferred way, the new oil so introduced being'preferably dclivered upwardly into such rain .of returned oil admixed withaihydrogenating agentor agents suitably heated.

ploy means permitting either automatic or manual manipulation of additional valves predetermining and maintaining a desired minimum pressure of steam, or the like,

i bresidue resulting from a previous passage of oil through the same or another apparatus or a part thereof, I may admit any desired connections therewith, I may optionally emthroughout my organization, or throughout a portion thereof; A It is afurther object of my invention to provideahydrogenating cracking organization in which both a primary or cracking hydrogenator and a secondary or separating lrvdrogefiator, which may or may .not closely resemble those above mentioned, are

structurally associated with a novel and preferably horizontal equilibrium chamber; and,'in a preferred embodiment, this equilibriumchamber may comprise two compartments extending longitudinally thereof; and one or both of said compartments may contain a scraper or conveyor; and means may be provided, as by direct application of bottom heat to .one of said compartments, for maintaining the temperature of a mlxture provide a cracking and hydrogenating or-- be returned therefrom, and including also therein during an interval of time in which reactions initiated in a hydrogenator may continue and in which volatile constituents, and sediments, may be separated therefrom.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a novel two-compartment equilibrium chamber in which communicating passages to and from saidcompartm'ents are so arranged as to assure preservation of a vapor space in each 0f the same and one of said vapor spaces may advantageously be in open or direct communication with each of my mentioned hydrogenators or their equivalents.

It is a further object of this invention to ganization of the general character referred to, with means whereby sedimentary materials formed or accumulated in one of the mentioned compartments, such as a lower compartment, whose temperature may be maintained by a fire, therebelow, may be pumped or otherwise forced back, together with uncracked or .partially cracked or partially hydrogenated oils, into my primary hydrogenator, or its equivalent, vapors from this compartment being preferably permitted simultaneously to advance from said chamber into my secondary or separating l1ydrogenator, orits equivalent.

It is a further object of my invention to provide a cracking and hydrogenating organization of the general character referred to in which one or more of the mentioned scrapers or conveyors, if provided in the mentioned compartments or their equivalents, may be adapted to eliminate a carbonaceous residue or sediment into a carbon pot or pots; and, in a preferred embodiment, this scraper or conveyor may advance said residue in a direction-opposite to the move -ment of a mixture of oil, vapors and gas,

through said compartments; and means may also optionally be provided, whereby superheated steam may be employed to return any recoverable OllS or oil vapors from said carbon pots to said hydrogenator.

Other objects and advantages of my invention, including the provision of means whereby any heavy oils accumulating in my secondary or separating hydrogenator may 1, with parts omitted or broken, and with,

heat insulation omitted.

Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken substantially as indicated by the-line 3-3 of Fig.

1, with parts omitted or broken, and with heat insulation omitted.

Fig. 4 is a slightly enlarged horizontal sectional detail view-taken substantially as in-: dicated by the line 4 4 of Fig. 1*.

Referring to the details of that specific embodiment of my invention chosen for purposes of illustration, 11 may be a substantially horizontal equilibrium chamber used to support, and functionally interposed between, a primary or separating l 1ydr0gen-- ator l2 and a secondary hydrogenator 13, the mentioned primary shownas provided with a pipe 14 for the admission of steam, or the like, into a dome 15, shown as constituting .the' upper part thereof and as containing an electrical resistance heater '16, shown as grounded at one end and as connected at its other end with a feed wire 17, passing through an insulator or insulators 18. number on sleeves 18' may surround this heater, to reduce heat losses.

lnsteadof admitting the oilto be treated directly into the primary hydrogenating chamber 12 or the dome l5, consider it' advantageous to provide a jacket 19 about the secondary hydrogenator 13, or about another portion of my apparatus, and to admit'new oil means such as an' inlet pipe 20, shown as extending from a pre: heater 21 to a point near the bottom of said jacket. a valved pipe 22, or its equivalent iydrogenator being Any desired extending from a point near the top of sai ,1o0

jacket being employed to conduct oil preheated therein into the interior of the primary hydrogenator 12, in which it may be provided with an upwardly extending terminal portion 23.

'-Between the dome l5 and the terminal portion 23, constituting an oil delivery inlet, or at another suitablelevel-wi-thin the primary hydrogenator 12, or its-equivalent, I may provide a perforated plate 24 or its equivalent, adapted to subdivide, into what' I may .term a mist or. rain, any material advanced thereto; and any mixture comprising a mineral oil and a preheated hydrogenating agent descending through the primary hydrogenator may pass therefrom directl into my equilibrium chamber 11. This equilibrium chamber may be of any preferred character, but I have shown the same as comprising a single external-sheil substantially circular in cross-sectional outline, and as divided by a partition 25 intoan upper compartment 26 and a lower compartment 27, the upper regions of thesecompartments being shown as connected near one end thereof by a pipe 28 and each of said compartments being provided with a separate eonveyor or s raper.

My. equ' ibrium chamber being designed to permit an advance of the reactions initiated in the primary hydrogenator 12, or its equivalent, and a separation of sediments and of volatile fractions, I may provide, at or near what I may term the inner end of the lower compartment 27, an opening 29 communicating, as by means of an inclined pipe 30, with the interior of the secondary hydrogenator 13, or its equivalent; and one of the mentioned scrapers orconveyor, as the conveyor 31 provided in the upper compartment 26 of my equilibrium chamber, may be adapted to deliver a carbonaceous residue, as by means of a valved passage 01' passages 32, into a carbon pot or pots 33. One of these pots may be used at atime, and

means such as valved steam pipes 34 may be employed to return any residual oils therefrom, as by way of a valved-pipe or pipes 35, to, for example, the primary hydrogenator 12.

The levels of openings 36 and 37, at the respective ends of the pipe 28, or its equivalent, and the level of the opening 29 by which one compartment of my equilibrium chamber is in constant communication with the secondary hydrogenator 13, may be such as to assure the preservation of a vapor space in the tops of the respective compartments 26 and 27; and means such as a direct applicationof fire, as by means of a furnace- 38 therebelow, may be employed to maintain the temperature of the oil mixtures advancing in opposite directions through said compartments at such a level as to expedite the attainment of equilibrium and the production of a maximum quantity of desired saturated compounds therein. lVhen I use direct heating means such as are above suggested for maintaining the temperature of my equi librium chamber, a gas or oil flame, or the like, may be projected through an opening 39, or shale stripped of its hydrocarbons may be delivered therethrough, and products of combustion may escape through, for example, a flue 40, leading to a stack, or the like, not shown.

It will be obvious that my. equilibrium chamber, or its equivalent, may "be given any desired length favorable to the attainment of its functions; and that it maybe sub divided into any required number of com-' partments; and also that the conveyors or scrapers employed therein may be of any usual or preferred character; but I show the spiral conveyor 31'of the upper compartment 26 as provided with a: drive pulley 41, and as adapted to advance sediments in a direction opposite to the movement of fluids therethrough; and I'show in the lower compartment- "27 a, chain conveyor or scraper 42, adapted to deliverto a pump 43, or its equivalent, driven by a pulley 44, a mixture of oils containing *any carbonaceous residues formed or settling in said compartment, and

the outlet of this pump may communicate with, for example, my primaryhydrogenator 12, as by a pipe 45, shown as provided near its upper end with an expansion 46, terminating just above the plate 24, in such manner as to return heavy uncracked or unsaturated oils and residues, at low velocity, to a position wherefrom they may be rained or blown through said plate, or its equivalent, in intimate contact with a new quantity of a hydro-v genating agent or agents; and this recirculation, including a withdrawal of sediments from compartment 26 and an escape of vapors from compartment 27 into the secondary or finishing hydrogenator 13 may be repeated as often as desired, with or without a continuous admission of preheated or other new oil by the means described, or their equivalent-s.

hen I employ a chain conveyor serving as a scraper inthe compartment 27, this being an advantageous constructionin case bottom heat is employed, I may support the chain 42, carrying blades 47 from suitable pairs of sprocket wheels 48 and 49, these sprockets being shown as. mounted. upon shafts 50, 51, one of which is provided with bearings 52, which may be supported from the curved walls of the lower compartment 27 and, in order to facilitate the tensioning of the chain 42, and to compensate for wear of parts, Imay optionally support one of said shafts, as the shaft 50, upon horizontal shelves or ledges 53, 53, (Fig. 4) and Imay provide bearings 52' in a yoke 54, integrally or otherwise rigidlyconnected with a sliding. rod 55 This rod is shown as extending through a gland 56 in one end of the chamber 27, and as provided with adjustable tensioning means in the form of a nut 57 engaging threads on said rod and: adaptedto contact with a bracket 58, extending forwardly from said end of the chamber 27; but it will be understood that the construction last re ferred to is merely an optional detail, de-

signed to overcome the difficulties incidental -110 to the operation of a scraper or conveyor in a chamber containing fluids under pressure.

A predetermined pressure, such as a pressure of 150200 pounds, more or less, may be maintained throughout the described organization, or throughout any predetermined portions thereof, by anysuitable means, such as the provision of an automatic valve at 59 in the pipe 14, by which steam at a suitable temperature, such as a temperature of 800 to 1000 F. may be introduced into the primary hydrogenator 12, or into the dome 15, shown as positioned thereabove, the automatic valve 59 being shown as provided with a diaphragm chamber 60, from which a branch 61 extends to the pipe 14,.in which a hand valve 62 may also be provided; and in order to facilitate the introduction of hydrochloric acid, or sulfuric acid, or any other desired catalytic or chemical agent,

into the primary hydrogenator 12, or its equivalent, I may optionally provide means such as the'tanks marked H 30 and HCL, these tanks being respectively provided with valves 63 and 64 in pipes 65 and 66, leading v respectively to the pipe 14, and a valved pipe region 68 of the primary hydrogenator 12; serving therein to force such oil as may be returned through the pipe 46, or its equivalent, in the form-of a rain or mist, through apertures 69 in the plate 24:; and this rain or mist, constituting an intimate mixture of oils and hydrogenating agents at a high temperature, may encounter new oil, preheated in the jacket 19 of the secondary hydrogenator 13 and delivered upwardly.

through the pipe 23 or its equivalent, the intimately mixed and heated fluids being then permitted to descend into the compartment 26 of the equilibrium chamber 11, from which carbon residues are withdrawn as described, and to pass therefrom through the connecting pipe 28 into the compartment 27, a vapor' space being maintained in both of said compartments and vapors being permitted to flow out from thelatter compartment through the opening 29 and the pipe 30 into the secondary hydrogenator 13, whereas heavier oils and residual carbon are returned by the pump 43 and the pipe 45 for retreatment as described, the desired temperature being maintained by any suitable means throughout 1 the equilibrium chamber, and any recoverable hydrocarbons being blown back from the carbon pots 33 into the region 68, or into any preferred region of the organization described. The nature and position of the heater 18 assures its safety and also its protection from carbon incrustations, or the like.

Oils obtained from shale or from any other suitable source may be treated in my present apparatus. It will be understood that hydrogenat-ingreactions initiated in the primary hydrogenator 12, or its equivalent, whether or not these include a production of H by a thermal decomposition, are intended to continue throughout the period during which the resultant mixtures are retained in the equilibrium chamber 11, through both or all compartments of which hydrocarbons being unavoidably advanced therewith, may pass into the lower portion of the hydroge'nator 13, or its equlvalent.

This hydrogenator 13 is preferably so designed as to favor a continuance of hydrogenating reactions therein. For' example,

the pipe 30, entering laterally into the lower portion of said-hydrogenato'r may terminate upwardly, as at 70, beneath a battle 71, shown as resembling an inverted cup; and a series of any desired number of such baiilers may be provided, one above another, and optionally supplemented by means such as plates 72, shown as centrally apertured and as inte-. gral With downward tubular extensions 73. Baflles 71 and plates 72, or their equivalents, may be supported by brackets (not shown), the arrangement here referred to being such that vapors passing from the outlet 70 of the pipe 30 must pass downwardly and outwardly about the inverted cup 71 "into a space 74 surrounding a tubularextension 7 3. then centrally toward such an extension, and up therethrough into a space 75 within another inverted cup, continuing thus toward a final outlet, such as the outlet 7 6 about the top Y of the hydrogenator 13. This hydrogenator serves as a finishing or separating hydrogenator in the bottom 77 of which comparatively heavy oils, imperfectly cracked or incompletely hydrogenated, may collect. These heavier oils or fractions may be returned to the equilibrium chamber or to the primary hydrogenator 12, as by means of a valved pipe 78, shown as terminating in the bottom of said hydrogenator, the valve in this pipe being either automatic or manual, as shown; and the vapors, including the desired gasoline fraction, escaping through the outlet 76- may pass through the mentioned preheater 21, exchanging heat in the indicated manner with quantities of new oil admitted therethrough, past a valve 79 and into any receptacle or fractionating organization (not shown) suitable for the separation and purification of the desired products.

As suggested in the drawings, the described preheating and hydrogenating and equilibrium cha'mbers, and the connections therebetwe'e'rig -f'may advantageously be insulated in Such-manner as to minimize the rad-..

iation ofheattherefrom; and it will be understood that, although I may find it advantageous to provide for a practically continuous admission of oil past the valve 80 in the plpe 81, by which new oil is :admitted to the preheater 21 and advantageous also to permit; a practically continuous inflow of steam past the valve 62 in the pipe 14, the escape of desired vapors past the valve 79 in the vapor outlet being then presumably continuous, the operation ofeither or both of the scrapers or conveyors described may be intermittent; and the carbon pots 33 are preferably tobe used alternately, carbon residues being received by one during the time when steam is beingblown through the other and the contents thereof .are being withdrawn; but the preferred mode of operation of the entire organization, or any part thereof, may be intermittent or otherwise widely different from that above described; and, in the treatment of some materials, all application of external heat may be dispensed with.

' Although I. have herein described a 'preferred form of my invention, I am aware that various changes and modifications may be made by those skilled in the art to which this case relates, without the slightest departure from the spirit and scope of my invention, as the same is indicated above and in the following claims; and I may especially emphasize the fact that for the purpose of generating electrical or other power, I may optionally lnterpose a turbme generator, or the like, in the outlet pipe 76, or its equivalent, in WhlCll it may, for example,

replace the valve 79.

I claim as my invention:

1. In an apparatus of the character described, an equilibrium chamber provided with an outlet for lighter fractions, a hydrogenator disposed above and delivering directly thereto, and means independent of means for supplying new materials for repeatedly passing heavier fractions back from said chamber through both said hydrogenator and said chamber. 7 r

'2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 in which said chamber comprises a plurality of directly superimposed and seriallyconnected compartments, and scraping means in one of said compartments for the removal of carbonaceous residues. Q

a 3. An. apparatus as defined in claim 1 in which said chamber comprises a plurality of directly superimposed and serially connected compartments, and scraping meansin one of said compartments for the removal of carbonaceous residues, and in which one of said compartments is provided with temperature maintaining means.

4:. An apparatusas defined in claim'l in which said chamber comprises a plurality of directly superimposed and serially connected compartments, whereby a mixture containing oils and sediments is forced back into said hydrogenator and from one of which vapors are conducted to another" 1 ydrogenator. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 in w ich said chamber comprises a plurality of directly superimposed and serially connected compartments, one of said compartments being provided with an outlet for sediment and another ofsaid compartments being provided with an outlet for vapors.

6. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 in which said chamber comprises a plurality of a single external shell, an upper compart-' ment and a lower compartment separated by a longitudinal partition in the form of a trough; conveyors in said compartments adapted to advance carbonaceous sediments in parallel directions; and means for maintaining the temperature of a mixture there-'- in, one of said compartments being 'provided with a chain conveyor and the other with a spiral conveyor, and each being provided with an outlet in the upper part thereof. 1 K

8. In an apparatus of' the character de scribed, an equilibrium chamber comprising a single external shell, an upper compartmerit and a lower compartment separated by a longitudinal partition in the form of a trough; conveyors in said compartments adapted to advance carbonaceous sediments in parallel directions; and means for maintaining the temperature of a mixture there- 1n, said compartments belng in constant communlcatlon by a pipe openlng at such 'a.

level as to permit the passage of fluids while' v substantially preventing the passage of residual solids from the upper compartment to the lower compartment. v Y

9. In an apparatus of the character described, a substantially horizontal chamber comprising a cylindrical shell subdivided by a V-shaped partition, a plurality of separate hydrogenators extending upward from said equilibrium chamber, means for admitting oil into and through one of said hydrogenators, and means for withdrawing vapors through the other of said hydrogenators.

10. In an organization as defined in claim 9, means in said last mentioned hydrogenator q 7 for the separation of heavier fractions from lighter fractions passing therethrough.

11. In an organization as defined in claim 9, means in said last mentioned hydrogen'ator i for the separation of heavier fractions from lighter fractions passing therethrough, and

means surrounding said last mentioned hydrogenator for preheating the 'oil so admitted.

12".. An organization as defined in claim 9,

in which said partition forms two compartmate contact with a hydrogenating agent ments each havinga vapor space, and open means of communication between said vapor spacesand said respective hydrogenators.

13. In an organization as defined in claim 9, means for effecting a heat exchange between vapors led' from said last mentioned hydrogenator and said oil advancing toward said chamber.

14. In an organization as defined in claim 9, means'for returning a heavier hydrocarbon mixture from said chamber to one of said hydrogenators.

15. In an organization as defined in claimv 9, means for returning a heavier hydrocarbon mixture from said chamber to one of said hydrogenators, and means for roducing'therein' a rain of said mixture 1n inti- 16. In an organization as defined in claim 9, means for returning a heavier hydrocar- -bon mixture from said chamber to one of said hydrogenators, means for producing therein a rain of said mixture in intimate contact with a hydrogenating agent; and means for introducing preheated new oil into said rain. r

17. In'an organization of the character described, an equilibriumchamber', a primary hydrogenator containing a perforated partition, a separating hydrogenator, and means whereby oils are fed through a jacket about the separating hydrogenator into the interior of said primary hydrogenator, and therefrom into said chamber, and from said chamber in part back above said partition.

18. An organization as defined in claim 17 in which a valved passage is provided between the bottoms of said' hydrogenators.

19. An organization as defined in claim 17, in which said chamberis divided into two compartments, one of which is provided with a vapor outlet leading to said separating hydrogenator. i v

20. An organization as defined in claim 17,.

in which said chamber is divided into two compartments, one ofi which is provided with a vapor outlet leading to said separating hydrogenator, and with means for maintalning'the temperature thereof. I

21. Anorganization as defined in claim 17, in which said chamber is divided into two compartments, one of which is provided with a vapor outlet leading to said separating hydrogenator, with means for maintaining the temperature thereof, and with means for advancing. sediment accumulating on its wall toward an outlet.

22. An organization as defined in claim 17, in which said chamber is divided into two compartments, one of which is provided with a vapor outlet leading to said sep arating lgdrogenator, with means for maintaining, e'temperature thereof, and with means for advancing sediment accumulating on its: wall toward an outlet provided with a pump for returning a mixturecontaining the same toward said drogenating chamber.

in which said chamber is divided into two compartmentsfeach provided with means for the removal of sediment, means being 24. An organization as defined in claim 17 in which said chamber is divided into two compartments, each provided with means is delivered.

' 25. An organization as defined in claim 17, in which said chamber is divided into two compartments, each provided with means for the removal of sediment, means bemg provided for blowing steam through drogenators.

forth which comprises: a hydrogenator dis posed directly above a substantially horiprimary by- 23. An organization as defined in claim 17 provided for returning the sedimentfrom one of said compartments to a hydrogenator.

zontal equilibrium chamber and into part of which steam is admitted, and internal means in said part for superheating said steam after its admission; and'in which said hydrogenator comprises a steam dome, the heating means therefor being anelectric heater below which is disposed a perforated partition through which oil aridsteam are forced as an intimate mixture at an elevated temperature. a

27. An organization'for the purpose set it forth which comprisesz'a ydrogenator disposed directly above a su stantially horizontal equilibrium chamber and into part of which steam is admitted, and internal means in said part for superheating said steam after its admission; and in which said hydrogenato-r comprises a steam dome, the

heating "means thereforibeing an electric heater above a perforated artition through which oil and steam are, orced as an inti- 1 mate mixture at an elevated temperature,

and. has an inlet pipe positioned to deliver new oil into said mixture.

28.An organization for the purpose set forth which comprises: a hydrogenator dis-.

posed directly above a substantially horizontal equilibrium chamber and into which steam is admitted, and interna meansart of in said'part for superheating said steam after its admission; and in which said tor is connected with a second by nator by a valvedpassage negrthe bottom't ereof, said hydrogenatorsbing both mounted on said {e uilibrium-gchamberi I 29. organization for the purpose set forth which comprises: a hydrogenator disaydfogenaposed directly above a substantially horizontal equilibrium chamber andinto part of' which steamlis admitted, and internal means in said part for superhe'ating said steam after its admission; and in which said h drogenator is connected with a second hy rogenator by a valved passage, near the bottom thereof, terminating in an outlet from said first-mentioned hydrogenator, said hydrogenators being both m anted on said equllibrium chamber.

30. In an apparatus ofthe character described, a two-compartment equilibrium chamber, a chain conveyor in one of the compartments, thereof; and means extending to t e exterior of said chamber through an end thereof for adjusting the tension of said conveyor.

31. In an apparatus of the character described, an equilibrium chamber, a hydrogenator in open communication with said 'equilibriu'm chamber, means. for introducing superheated steam into said hydrogenator, means, for separately introducing raw oil' into said h drogenator, 'meansfor delivering. residual oii s from said equilibrium chamber into said hydrogenator, a secondary hydrogenator, means for delivering vapors from said equilibrium chamber to said secondary hydrogenator,-means for withdrawing wa pors from said secondary hydrogenator, means for returning residual oil from said secondary hydrogenator to said equilibrium chamber, and means for removing carbonaceous residue from said equilibrium chamber.

32. In, an apparatus for the character described, an equilibrium chamber, a hydrogenator in open coinmumcation with said equilibrium chamber, means for introducing superheated steam into said hydrogenator,

' means for separately introducing raw oil into said hydro enator,,means for delivering residual oils rom said-equilibrium chamber into said hydrogenator, means for with! drawing vapors from said equilibrium chamher and means 'for removing carbonaceous residue from said equilibrium chamber.

33. In an-apparatus of the character degenatin tor, means for repeatedly passing back from said equilibrium chamber into said hydrogenator heavy fractions; means in said bydrogenator for intimately mixin and forming said heavy fractions and hy rogenating agent into a downwardly falling finely 'divlded mixture, and means for introducing raw oil into said.'hydrogenator counter-current to and into contact with said mixture.

scribed, an equilibrium chamber, a hydrogenator in open communication with said chamber, means for introducing a hydrogenating agent into said hydrogenator, means for supplying raw oil to said hydrolgenator, means for repeatedly passing back heavy fractions from said chamber through both said 'hydrogenator and said chamber, a se arating hydro enator and .a vapor out-' let rom said cham r to said secondary hydrogenator and means whereby saidraw oil introduced into the hydrogenator is preheated by said. separating hydrogenator.

36; In an apparatus of the character described, an equilibrium chamber; a hydrogenator in open communication with said.

chamber, means for introducing a hydrogenating agent into said hydrogenator, means for supplying raw oil to said hydrogenator, means for repeatedly passing back heavy fractions from said chamber through bot said hydrogenator and said chamber, a sepa ratin hydrogenator and a vapor outlet from said 0 amber to said secondary hydrogenatorand a valved communication means connecting said hydrogenators, one end-of said com-- municationvmeans being 1n a passage comscribed, an equilibrium chamber provided l'municating with said equilibriumchamber.

with an outlet for lighter fractions, 9. hydroe uilibriu'm chamber, means for introducing aydrogenating a'gent into said hydrogena-- genator in open -connnunication with said my hand. at Los Angeles, Californiaythis 8th In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set day of December, 1924. MILON J. TRUMBLE. 

